SAMSUNG SATA HARD DISK DRIVER MAIN BOARD

Smart Phones (නැමෙන , ඇඹරෙන දුරකථන )

සුළගේ වේගය මෙන් වේගයෙන් දියුණු වන තාක්ෂණයක් පවතින ලෝකයේ පරිගණක සහ ජංගම දුරකථන ඒ අතරින් ප‍්‍රධාන ස්ථානයක් ගනී. ස්මාර්ට් ෆෝන් වලට මෙයින් සුවිශේෂි ස්ථානයක් හිමිවන අතර ජංගම දුරකතන සමාගම් කිහිපයක් වන සැම්සුන්, එල් ජී, සෝනි යන සමාගම් නව පෙරළියක් ඇති කිරීමට සුදානම්ය. සුනම්‍ය, නොකැඩෙන ජංගම දුරකථන තිර නිපදවීමට සුදානම් වන අතර එම තිර නැමීමට ඇඹරීමට හැකියාවක් ඇත. කාබනික ආලෝක නිකුත් කරන ඩයෝඩ මෙම විප්ලවයට හේතු වී ඇත.

මෙම දුරකථන වෙළ`ද පොළට නිකුත් කරන දිනයක් පිළිබ`දව නිශ්චිතව පවසා ඇත්තේ සැම්සුන් සමාගම පමණි එ් 2013 වසරේ මුල් භාගය ලෙසයි. සැම්සුන් ී4 ජංගම දුරකථන වල නව උපාංගය පළමු වරට ඇතුළත් වනු ඇතයි බොහෝ දෙනාගේ මතයයි. මෙම තිර පහසුවෙන් බිදී යාම, ඉරි තැලී යාම යන හේතුන් නිසා වීදුරු වෙනුවට ප්ලාස්ටික් යොදා ගැනීම නිෂ්පාදන බරින් අඩු වීම , වැඩි කාලයක් පැවතීම හා මිලෙන් අඩු වීම යන විසදුම් ලැබේ.

මින් වසර දෙකකට පෙර සෝනි සමාගම කාබනික ඩයෝඩ යොදා තැනූ උපාංග ප‍්‍රදර්ශනය කල අතර ඇපල් සමාගම මේ වසර ආරම්භයේදි සුනම්‍ය තිර උපකරණ ස`දහා පේටන්ට් බලපත‍්‍රය ලබාගත් අතර මේවා උත්තල හා අවතල ලෙස නැවිය හැකි යතුරු පුවරු සහිත තිර ඇතුළත් විය.

KSL 5 reviews Millenniata's 1000 year archival disc - The M-DISC

How M-Disk work

How Does It Work? For Those With Inquiring Minds, Let’s Get Technical.

The M-DISC™ is composed of chemically stable and heat-resistant materials that are not used in any other DVD or optical disc. Data is engraved into the M-DISC™ by physically altering the recording layer and creating permanent pits or voids in the disc, preserving your files forever.

Because of its permanent makeup, M-DISC™ is not affected by temperature, humidity, or sunlight. On the contrary, DVDs and optical drives use organic dyes that begin to fade and decay the moment you record your information, resulting in corrupt and unreadable data over time.

The New Standard in Digital Storage

The M-DISC™ provides the storage space of a DVD, the attributes of a +R disc and the permanence that only M-DISC™ can offer. On average, a 4.7 GB M-DISC™ can store up to 8,000 photos, 240 minutes of video footage, or over 100,000 documents. The M-DISC™ is engravable with M-DISC™ READY Drives and readable with current DVD drives.

Engraving on the M-DISC™ requires an M-DISC™ READY Drive, which LG produces and offers in both external and internal optical disc drives, with prices starting as low as $25. Also, many computer manufacturers worldwide, such as Acer and Dell, offer the M-DISC™ READY Drive as an option within their systems. For a complete list of compatible drives and computers, please click here.

M-DISC™ READY Drives are compatible with Mac, PC’s, Linux, or other common operating systems, only requiring up-to-date optical drive software that supports the drive interface (typically USB or SATA.)

1000 years disk

Don’t Think Years. Think Millennia.

As technology rapidly advances, we’re living longer, doing more, creating more memories and recording more data. Every scrapbooker, business owner, photographer, every person fears losing the legacy they have spent their lifetime creating. M-DISC™ eliminates that fear. Once written, your documents, medical records, photos, videos and data will last up to 1,000 years. “Just M-Disc™ and Forget It!”

M-DISC™ is the only data storage solution to withstand rigorous testing by the U.S. Department of Defense. Even today’s leading archival optical discs weren’t up to the challenge. M-DISC™ is resistant to extremem conditions of light, temperature, humidity and more. M-DISC™ cannot be overwritten, erased or corrupted by natural processes. Best of all, it’s compatible with any DVD drive, so you can access your data anywhere, anytime.

Not all data storage is created equal

Engrave With M-DISC READY™ Compatible Drives
Readable on Current DVD Drives
4.7 GB of Storage
Permanent Storage
Data Engraved in Stone
Endures Exposure in Heat, Humidity & Light
Eliminates Data Recording in Unstable Dye

Price List 10-06-2013

Intel Pentium D (Dual Core) 2.8 - 2300/=
Intel Pentium D (Dual Core) 3.0 - 2500/=
Intel Core2duo 2.4 E6600 - 5750/=
Intel Core2Duo 2.53 E7200 - 6500/=
Intel Core2Duo 3.0 6M E8400 - 8500/=
Intel Core2Duo 2.1 E6400 - 5250/=
Intel Core2Duo 3.1 E8500 - 8250/=
Intel DualCore 2.8 E5500 -6000/=

3.0GHz LGA775 Processor Rs.2000
3.0GHz Pentium D/4M Processor Rs.3200

HDD
20 GB Hard Drive Rs.800
40 GB Hard Drive Rs.1000
80 GB Hard Drive Rs.1500
120GB Hard Drive Rs.2500
160GB Hard Drive Rs.2800
200GB Hard Drive Rs.3900

500GB Sata - 5700/=

RAMS
256 DDR1 Rs.500
512 DDR1 Rs.900
512 DDR2 Rs.800
1GB DDR2 Rs.1200

CPU

CPU CPU-Central Processing Unit, The CPU is the brain of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. The two biggest manufacturers of PC CPU chips are those made by Intel and AMD other CPU makers include Motorola, Via, and Cyrix Central Processing Unit (The Brain of the Computer) Two typical components of a CPU are:  The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations The control unit, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, is calling on the ALU when necessary. CPU Terminology  Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz) or higher (GHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute. Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second. Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz), 1 MHz being equal to 1 million cycles per second. 1 MHz = 1 million clock cycle 1 GHz = 1 billion clock cycle Bus Speed  The speeds in which a processor can send data in a pathway.  There measured in the following speeds listed below: 33MHz, 66MHz, 100MHz, 133MHz, 166MHz, 200MHz, 233MHz, 266MHz, 333MHz, 400MHz, 800MHz, 1600MHz, 3200MHz and 6400MHz Bus Width 32 vs. 64 bit Address Bus: Refers to the wires that carry specific addresses to and from the processor. Cache: Frequently stored memory, most older CPU's have an L1 internal cache built in with an L2 external cache support chips. Newer CPU's like the pentium IV have and L1 and L2 cache built in with a L3 cache Cache is a very fast memory that is used to hold data and instructions VRM (Voltage Regulator Mode) Is the circuitry that sends standard level voltage to the CPU RISC vs. CISC Reduce Instruction Set Computing vs. Complex Instruction Set Computing Math Co Processor Ability of a CPU to perform math functions and advance calculations Cooling Mechanism Devices use to cool a CPU (FAN, Heat Sink and Liquid Cooling) also thermal paste Overclocking Making a CPU run faster than it should Front Side vs. Backside Bus How the CPU communicates with the memory and the cache Hyperthreading Is a technology developed by Intel that acts as two processors Multicore or Dual Core, Triple Core or Quad Core Has the capability to act as separate processor in the same CPU Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. Bandwidth: The number of bits processed in a single instruction.  Pipelining - Allows a new instruction to start processing while a current instruction is still being processed. Branch Prediction - A technique that attempts to infer the proper address of the next instruction while knowing only the current one. Superscalar execution - Adding one more execution engine in a CPU Dynamic execution - Allows the CPU to evaluate the programs's flow and choose the best order in which to process the instructions Registers: Temporary storage areas that hold data before and after processing by the ALU. It similar to a work table use by the CPU Computer Packages, Slots and Sockets SEC- Single Edge Cartridge a new CPU package that is slightly bigger with a built in fan that goes into a SLOT 1 or SLOT A socket. AMD Athlon SEC SLOT 1 - The form factor for Intel's Pentium II processors The Slot 1 package replaces the Socket 7 and Socket 8 form factors used by previous Pentium processors. Slot 1 is a 242-contact daughter card slot that accepts a microprocessor packaged as a Single Edge Contact (SEC) cartridge. A motherboard can have one or two Slot 1s. Some Pentium III and Celeron also use SLOT 1. SLOT A - Similar to Intel's Slot 1 but used for AMD Athlons SLOT 2 Slot 2 is a 330-contact use by Intel Pentium II, III XEON found mostly on server computers PGA-Short for pin grid array, a type of chip package in which the connecting pins is located on the bottom in concentric squares. PGA chips are particularly good for chips that have many pins, such as modern microprocessors. They go into different types of CPU sockets. Different types of PGA SPGA: Staggered Pin Grid Array BCPGA: Ball Chip Pin Grid Array FCPGA: Flip Chip Pin Grid Array CPGA: Ceramic Pin Grid Array BPGA-Ball Pin Grid Array ZIF - Zero insertion force, a chip socket that allows you to insert and remove a chip without special tools. Socket - A female connector where a CPU connects Note * PGA and LGA fits into a socket and SEC packages fits into a slot Other CPU packages include the following: PAC - Pin Array Cartridge (Use in Itanium CPU's) LGA - Land Grid Array (Newer technology replacing PGA) Use grid instead of pins Newer CPU CHART CPU Package Socket or Slot Intel Pentium 4/Core and Celeron PGA Socket 423/478 Intel Pentium 4, Extreme, Pentium D, Celeron D, Dual Core, Core2, Duo/Extreme/Quad/Xeon LGA Socket T (Socket 775) Intel Pentium, Core, i Series, Xeon LGA Socket H (Socket 1156) Intel Core, i Series, Xeon LGA Socket B (Socket 1366) Intel iCore 7 Series LGA uPGA Socket B (Socket 1366) Socket H (Socket 1156) Socket 989 AMD K7 Athlon, Athlon XP, MP, Duron, Semprom, Geode, NX PGA Socket A (Socket 462) AMD K8, AMD Athlon 64, Semprom PGA Socket 754 AMD Athlon 64/64X2, Opteron, Phenom, X2/X3, X4, X4 II PGA Socket 939/940 or Socket AM2 AMD Athlon II, Phenom II, Semprom PGA Socket AM2+, Socket AM3 AMD Athlon 64FX, Opteron PGA Socket F (Socket 1207) CPU Servers and Workstations Package Socket or Slot Intel Pentium II and Pentium III Xeon SEC Slot 2 (330) Intel Itanium PAC Socket 418 Intel Itanium II PAC Socket 611 Intel Xeon LGA Socket 603/604 Intel Core 2, Extreme, Xeon LGA Socket J (Socket 771) AMD Athlon 64FX, Opteron PGA Socket F (Socket 1207) Socket 940 Older CPU CHART Intel CPU Chart AMD CPU Chart CPU Troubleshooting Problems with heat (cooling mechanism FAN, Heat Sink and Liquid Cooling) 5 Minute shut down (CPU is overheating) Listen for fan for breakdown and weird unusual noises Computer won't start Computer is acting erratic Keep air case tight CPU Compatibility (look at chart) Overclocking (make sure you have the proper cooling mechanism to support this or you will damage your CPU) When installing CPU be careful don't bend or break pins Match PGA to Socket (ZIF) and SEC to Slot ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) Match Pin 1 to the socket or look for notches when installing CPU Avoid ESD by grounding one's self Make sure CPU use the proper voltages  CPU Installation CPU package must match pin 1 with CPU Socket Put thermal compound on CPU and install proper cooling mechanism (Fan, Heat Sink or Liquid) CPU SEC slide in CPU slot and install proper cooling mechanism (Fan, Heat Sink or Liquid

MOTHER BOARD

MOTHERBOARD

Motherboard aka (system board, planar board, main board, logic board)

Motherboard manufacturers Tyan, Intel, Gigabyte, Shuttle and Asus

Motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer.

AT / ATX DIFFERENCES 

The following is some of the ways in determining if your motherboard is an AT motherboard or an ATX motherboard.

The Keyboard:
AT Motherboard = DIN/5 connector

ATX Motherboard = PS/2 connector

Motherboard power connector
AT Motherboard = Single Row two connectors 5v & 12v
ATX Motherboard = Double row single connector 5v, 12v, and 3.3v
In this section, you learned that the motherboard holds all the components of the computer that serves as their main attachment point.

What components are found on a typical motherboard

CPU type: CPU socket or CPU slot
Memory slots: SIMM slots, DIMM slots or RIMM slots
Cache memory: Internal or External Cache found on the CPU and as support chips
Chipsets: Northbridge, Southbridge, Cache, Heatsink, MCC, sound and video chipsets
System BIOS: ROM usually a DIPP chip and complemented by the CMOS battery
Expansion slots: AGP, ISA, PCI, AMR and CNR
Motherboard connectors: FDC, IDE Controllers, Fan Controllers, CD/DVD and sound controllers
Motherboard settings: Jumpers and Switches
Power connectors: AT socket vs. ATX socket

Types of motherboards

(old school)
AT (Full vs. Baby)
XT (rip)
LPX (rip)

(newer)
ATX
NLX

Full-AT (12" wide x 13.8" deep) Matches the original IBM AT motherboard design, which only fits into full size AT or tower cases only, not being produced much any more if any. This form factor is no longer produced because it cannot be placed into the popular Baby-AT chassis.

Baby- AT (8.57" wide x 13.04" deep) Almost the same as the original IBM XT motherboard with modifications in the screw hole position to fit into AT style case, with connections built onto the motherboard to fit the holes in the case

A. Primary and Secondary IIDE Controllers
B. ROM/BIOS
C. ISA slots
D. CMOS Battery
E. PCI slots
F. DIN/5 Keyboard Connector
G. AT Socket
H. ATX Socket
I. DIMM Slots
J. SIMM Slots
K. Chipset
L. L2 Cache
M.CPU Socket
N. Floppy Drive Controller
O.LPT Connector
P.COM Connector

Full-ATX - (12" wide x 9.6" deep) / Mini-ATX - (11.2" wide x 8.2" deep) The official specifications were released by Intel in 1995 and was revised to version 2.01 in February 1997. The ATX form factor is an advancement over previous AT style motherboards. Therefore requires a new case design. ATX is not a abbreviation however is actually a trademark, which belongs to Intel.
On a socket 7 ATX motherboard the socket has been placed a further distance from the expansion slots allowing for long boards to be placed in easier.
Relocation of the memory and the CPU creating better ventilation and easier upgrade
Power management possible with proper BIOS support.

Micro ATX - A smaller version of Full ATX
Flex ATX - Another version of the ATX motherboard

NLX (Supports motherboards with overall dimensions of 9.0" x 13.6" [maximum] to 8.0" x 10.0" [minimum]) Implemented in 1998 by Intel this form factor is gaining popularity the last couple of years because there found on most clone computers
Support for the Pentium II
Support for AGP
Support for USB.
Support for DIMM.
Easier Access to internal components
Support for motherboards that can be removed without using tools

herboaagram 2

ATX Motherboard Diagram

A. Audio Ports
B. USB Ports
C. Firewire Ports
D. RJ45/Ethernet Ports
E. TV Tuner
F. PS2 Mouse and Keyboard Ports
G. P4 Socket
H. Cooling Tube Pipes
I. LGA CPU Socket
J. Memory (DIMM Slots)
K. Floppy Drive Controller
L. ATX 24pin Socket
M. Serial ATA Sockets
N. Northbridge Chipset
O. Southbridge Chipset
P. IDE Controller
Q. PCI-express X1
R. AGP
S. PCI
T. PCI-express X16
U. CMOS Battery
V. BIOS
W. Front Panel Connectors

Special Thanks to ASUS, GB, Intel and Shuttle

HARD DISK DRIVE

HARD DRIVES The hard disk drive or hard drive is the main location where all data is stored. Most hard disk drives consist of spinning platters of aluminum, glass or ceramic that are coated with a magnetic media. A single hard disk usually consists of several platters. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for each side. All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that they cannot move independently. Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder. For example, a typical 84mb hard disk for a PC might have two platters (four sides) and 1,053 cylinders. Hard drive manufacturers: fujitsu, ibm/hitachi, maxtor, seagate, western digital Tips for buying a hard drive 1. You should make sure there's space in the case for another drive. Most desktop PC cases have at least one, and sometimes several spaces, internal drive bays--places where you can mount extra hard drives. But check your manual and open up the case. Some of the smaller low-profile computer cases don't have room for additional internal hard drives, so you won't be able to use both the your old and a new drive in the same computer case. In which case you will need to buy an external hard drive. 2. Capacity typical hard drives are about 100GB they can go up to 1 TB the more information such as pictures, files, music and videos your going to store the more space your going to need. 3. RPM rotation per minute The best is 15,000 rpm however you should consider buying a hard drive with a fast rotational speed of 7,200 revolutions per minute (rpm) or higher. You should expect to spend less for a slower 5,400-rpm hard drive. 4. Seek Time you should look for an average seek time of fewer than 4.7 milliseconds (ms), and a data transfer rate of at least 15 megabytes (MB) per second. The actual sustained speed of the drive will be less than the maximum "burst" speed. 7. Buffer 8MB or better: When a system requests data, a hard drive will not only fetch what is requested, but it will also load its buffer memory with extra information that the processor is likely to ask for next. While a 2MB buffer is good, that's plenty of room to keep the data flowing, I found that drives with 8MB performed is best! for disk-intensive tasks. 8. Transfer Speed:  Internal Hard Drives Parallel ATA 33, 66, 100, 133MB/s Serial ATA 150-300MB/s SCSI 33-640MB/s External Hard Drives Serial ATA 150-300MB/s USB 12Mbps up to 480Mbps Firewire 400Mbps up to 800Mbps SCSI 33-640MB/s 9. External Hard Drives. External drives is a good idea if you need to lock up important data or you need to transport a lot of data to another PC. Note external hard drives cost quite a bit more than internal drives and usually require an FireWire or USB 2.0 interface. 10. There are three main types of internal hard drive Parallel ATA, Serial ATA and SCSI. Below is a picture of what the inside of the hard disk drive looks like. The Hard disk drive has four main components. The head actuator controls the head arm, which reads the information off of the disk platter. The chassis encases and holds all the hard disk drive components. Platter - The actual fixed disk within the hard disk drive. There can be several platters within the hard drive Heads - Each side of a platter Tracks - Large sections that completely circle the platter Sector - Section on the track Cluster - Smallest unit of measurement that a hard drive will read Cylinder - Tracks of the same diameter on each platter Types of Hard Drives IDE Abbreviation of either Intelligent Drive Electronics or Integrated Drive Electronics, depending on who you ask. An IDE interface is an interface for mass storage devices in which the controller is integrated into the disk or CD-ROM drive. IDE usually contains one controller and 40 pins where you can install up to only 2 devices a typical speed of an IDE drives is about 3/MBs . EIDE Short for Enhanced IDE, a newer version of the IDE mass storage device interface standard developed by Western Digital Corporation. It supports data rates of between 4 and 16.6 MBps, about three to four times faster than the old IDE standard. In addition, it can support mass storage devices of up to 8.4 gigabytes, whereas the old standard was limited to 528 MB. Because of its lower cost, enhanced EIDE has replaced SCSI in many areas. ATA: Known also as IDE, supports one or two hard drives, a 16-bit interface and PIO modes 0, 1 and 2. ATA-2: Supports faster PIO modes (3 and 4) and multiword DMA modes (1 and 2). Also supports logical block addressing (LBA) and block transfers. ATA-2 is marketed as Fast ATA and Enhanced IDE (EIDE). Also known as Ultra- DMA/0 ATA/33: Also called Ultra-DMA/2 , and DMA-33, supports multiword DMA mode 3 running at 33 MBps. ATA/66: or Ultra-DMA/4 A new version of ATA proposed by Quantum Corporation, and supported by Intel, that will double ATA's throughput to 66 MBps. Other ATA supports speeds of 100 and 133MB/s ATA/100 aka Ultra-DMA/5 ATA/133 aka Ultra-DMA/6 currently the fastest IDE hard drive in the market Note if you do choose to have a hard drive that supports 66MB/s and higher you will need to use an 80pin ribbon cable instead of the traditional 40pin ribbon cable which only supports 33MB/s. Hard Drive Geometry LBA Short for logical block addressing, a method used with SCSI and IDE disk drives to translate the cylinder, head, and sector specifications of the drive into addresses that can be used by an enhanced BIOS. LBA is used with drive's that are larger than 504MB. 1,024 cyl * 16 heads * 63 sectors/track * 512 bytes/sector = 504MB CHS Short for Cylinders, Heads and Sector translation E/CHS Extended CHS a competitior to LBA supports different translation 1,024 cyl * 256 heads * 63 sectors/track * 512 bytes/sector = 8.4GB INT/13 Interrupt 13 extensions developed by Phoenix technology to support up to 137GB Best when installing hard drives it is best to set it to AUTO detect mode in the CMOS/BIOS setup Hard drive maintenance DEFRAG A DOS and Windows utility that defragments your hard disk. In Windows 95, you run Defrag by selecting Start->Programs->Accessories->System Tools->Disk Defragmenter. SCANDISK A DOS and Windows utility that finds different types of errors on hard disks and is able to correct some of them. In DOS, you run Scandisk by entering scandisk at the prompt and pressing the Enter key. In Windows 95, you can run Scandisk by selecting Start->Programs->Accessories->System Tools->Scandisk. Among other things, Scandisk checks the disk platters for defects and also looks for lost clusters that are sometimes created when a program aborts. In Windows 2K/XP go to start>run>cmd and type CHKDSK from the command prompt File systems FAT or File Allocation Table A table that the operating system uses to locate files on a disk. Due to fragmentation, a file may be divided into many sections that are scattered around the disk. The FAT keeps track of all these pieces. In DOS systems, FATs are stored in hidden files, called FAT files . The FAT system for older versions of Windows 95 is called VFAT, and the one for new versions of Windows 95 and Windows 98 is called FAT32. A new version of the file allocation table (FAT) available in Windows 95 OSR 2 and Windows 98. FAT32 increases the number of bits used to address clusters and also reduces the size of each cluster. The result is that it can support larger disks (up to 2 terabytes) and better storage efficiency (less slack space). NTFS-New technology file system use in Windows 2K/XP/NT environment for security support Steps in installing a hard drive 1. Buy a hard drive usually look for space in terms of GB example a 40 GB hard drive, the RPM/s usually 7200 or more is the revolution per minute and the speed of the hard drive EIDE vs. Ultra DMA/33 which is faster. Several vendors to consider when buying a hard drive include Maxtor, Seagate, IBM, Western Digital, Fujitsu and Quantum. 2. Back up your computer and record settings like CMOS and desktop settings before installing the hard drive. 3. Set jumper settings of master and slave, example if one hard drive and CD/ROM were daisy chained on one 40-pin ribbon cable then the jumper settings would be master on the hard drive and slave on the CD/ROM. You can set jumper settings by looking at the back of the hard drive and CD/ROM and follow the master and slave specification 4. Install 40 pin ribbon cable to hard drive making sure pin one which is the red section is closest to the Molex power connector and install other side to IDE controllers. 5. Install the Molex power connector from power supply to hard drive for power if it's a PATA if a SATA hard drive install the 15 pin black power connector. 6.Go to CMOS setup and configure hard drives using the AUTO detect or manual configuration 7. Partition hard drive, which is dividing hard drive into sections. You can either use the DOS utility FDISK or use a 3rd party software like PQ Magic to partition your drive. Usually the first partition is the Primary partition. Set it to active in order for the OS to boot up. That which is left over on the hard drive will become the extended partition. Finally, divide the extended partition into logical partitions. Example: if the hard drive has total space of 4GB, the primary partition under FAT16 will be 2GB, which is the most you can allocate per hard drive. The left over is the extended partition, which is 2GB. To get this figure, Subtract 4GB total space minus the 2GB max in FAT16 and you have 2GB left. Then divide the extended partition to logical partition, in this case we will divide by 2, which leaves 1GB of D drive and 1GB of E drive. Under FAT32 large disk support is enabled and can partition hard drives into the highest number so if you have a 40GB hard drive you can partition that to the full 40GB max. 8. High-level Format each partition drive. This will make your partition usable. 9. Install a file system FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS, the latter being used for security with the drives. 10. Install and load the Operating System

MEMORY

MEMORY Internal storage areas in the computer The term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips, and the word storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks. Moreover, the term memory is usually used as a shorthand for physical memory, which refers to the actual chips capable of holding data. Some computers also use virtual memory, which expands physical memory onto a hard disk. Every computer comes with a certain amount of physical memory, usually referred to as main memory or RAM. You can think of main memory as an array of boxes, each of which can hold a single byte of information. A computer that has 1 megabyte of memory, therefore, can hold about 1 million bytes (or characters) of information. Memory Manufacturers Corsair, Kingston, Rambus, Crucial, Samsung, PNY, Micron Memory Terminology Memory speed - measured in nanoseconds, this is the time to access data that is stored in memory the lower the nanoseconds the faster the memory (2ns-80ns) Parity - A simple error checking method use in memory correction ECC-Error correction code use in memory correction for newer computers Memory Banks - A socket where memory is installed Example 4 banks will have 8MB of memory each for a total of 32MB There are several different types of memory:  240-pin DIMM----------------------------- DDR3 SDRAM ROM or Read Only Memory, Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory that holds instructions for starting up the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to. It is non-volatile which means once you turn off the computer the information is still there. PROM, short for programmable read-only memory A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROM's retain their contents when the computer is turned off. The difference between a PROM and a ROM (read-only memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To write data onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner. The process of programming a PROM is sometimes called burning the PROM. EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires only electricity to be erased. EEPROM- Acronym for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. Pronounced double-ee-prom or e-e-prom, an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. Also like other types of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is similar to flash memory (sometimes called flash EEPROM). The principal difference is that EEPROM requires data to be written or erased one byte at a time whereas flash memory allows data to be written or erased in blocks. This makes flash memory faster. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a temporary (Volatile) storage area utilized by the CPU. Before a program can be ran the program is loaded into the memory which allows the CPU direct access to the program.  2 Types of RAM SRAM Short for static random access memory, and pronounced ess-ram. SRAM is a type of memory that is faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM (dynamic RAM). The term static is derived from the fact that it doesn't need to be refreshed like dynamic RAM. SRAM is often used only as a memory cache usually found in the CPU (L1, L2 and L3 Cache) DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory, a type of memory used in most personal computers. Types of DRAM Packages and DRAM Memory LAPTOP MEMORY  (72, 144, 200) SO-DIMM SO-DIMM Short for Small Outline DIMM, a small version of a DIMM used commonly in notebook computers. 72 supports 32bit and 144 and 200 SO-DIMM pins supports a full 64-bit transfer.  (144, 172) Micro-DIMM Micro-DIMM Short for Micro Dual Inline Memory Module, a competing memory used on laptops, mostly supports 144 and 172 pins. SIMM Acronym for single in-line memory module, a small circuit board that can hold a group of memory chips. Typically, SIMM's holds up 8 (on Macintoshes) or 9 (on PCs) RAM chips. On PCs, the ninth chip is often used for parity error checking. Unlike memory chips, SIMM's is measured in bytes rather than bits. SIMM's is easier to install than individual memory chips. A SIMM is either 30 or 72 pins. 30 pin SIMM (Usually FPM or EDO RAM) FPM RAM Short for Fast Page Mode RAM, a type of Dynamic RAM (DRAM) that allows faster access to data in the same row or page. Page-mode memory works by eliminating the need for a row address if data is located in the row previously accessed. It is sometimes called page mode memory. 72 pin SIMM (EDO RAM) EDO DRAM Short for Extended Data Output Dynamic Random Access Memory, a type of DRAM that is faster than conventional DRAM. Unlike conventional DRAM which can only access one block of data at a time, EDO RAM can start fetching the next block of memory at the same time that it sends the previous block to the CPU. DIMM Short for dual in-line memory module, a small circuit board that holds memory chips. A single in-line memory module (SIMM) has a 32-bit path to the memory chips whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path. Because the Pentium processor requires a 64-bit path to memory, you need to install SIMM's two at a time. With DIMM's, you can install memory one DIMM at a time. A DIMM contains 168 pins. 168 pin DIMM (SDRAM) SDRAM Short for Synchronous DRAM, a new type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus and is capable of running at 133 MHz, about three times faster than conventional FPM RAM, and about twice as fast EDO DRAM . SDRAM is replacing EDO DRAM in many newer computers SDRAM delivers data in high speed burst 184 pin DIMM (DDR-SDRAM) DDR SDRAM Short for Double Data Rate-Synchronous DRAM, a type of SDRAM that supports data transfers on both edges of each clock cycle, effectively doubling the memory chip's data throughput. DDR-SDRAM is also called SDRAM II.  240 DIMM (DDR2-SDRAM) DDR2-SDRAM Short for Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM 2 is a type of DDR that supports higher's speeds than it's predecessor DDR SDRAM  240 DIMM (DDR3-SDRAM) DDR3-SDRAM Short for Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM 3 is the newest type of DDR that supports the fastest speed of all the SDRAM memory 184 pin RIMM (RDRAM) RIMM Rambus Inline Memory Module, The memory module used with RDRAM chips. It is similar to a DIMM package but uses different pin settings. Rambus trademarked the term RIMM as an entire word. It is the term used for a module using Rambus technology. It is sometimes incorrectly used as an acronym for Rambus Inline Memory Module. A RIMM contains 184 or 232pins. Note must use all sockets in RIMM installation or use C_RIMM to terminate banks  232 pin RIMM (RDRAM) RDRAM Short for Rambus DRAM, a type of memory (DRAM) developed by Rambus, Inc. In 1997, Intel announced that it would license the Rambus technology for use on its future motherboards, thus making it the likely de facto standard for memory architectures. CLICK HERE for a picture and more information on RIMM Installation SIMM and DIMM Sockets SDRAM Chart    168 DIMM (SDRAM) Module Standard Module Format Chip Type Clock Speed (MHz) Cycles Per clock Bus Speed Bus Width (Bytes) Transfer Rate (MB/s) PC66 SDR DIMM 10ns 66 1 66 8 533 PC100 SDR DIMM 8ns 100 1 100 8 800 PC133 SDR DIMM 7ns 133 1 133 8 1,066 DDR SDRAM Chart 184 DIMM (DDR-SDRAM) Module Standard Module Format Chip Type Clock Speed (MHz) Cycles Per clock Bus Speed Bus Width (Bytes) Transfer Rate (MB/s) PC1600 DDR DIMM DDR200 100 2 200 8 1,600 PC2100 DDR DIMM DDR266 133 2 266 8 2.133 PC2700 DDR DIMM DDR333 166 2 333 8 2,667 PC3200 DDR DIMM DDR400 200 2 400 8 3,200 PC4000 DDR DIMM DDR500 250 2 500 8 4,000 PC4300 DDR DIMM DDR533 266 2 533 8 4,266 DDR2 SDRAM Chart  240 DIMM (DDR2-SDRAM) Module Standard Module Format Chip Type Clock Speed (MHz) Cycles Per clock Bus Speed Bus Width (Bytes) Transfer Rate (MB/s) PC2-3200 DDR2 DIMM DDR2-400 200 2 400 8 3,200 PC2-4300 DDR2 DIMM DDR2-533 266 2 533 8 4,266 PC2-5400 DDR2 DIMM DDR2-667 333 2 667 8 5,333 PC2-6400 DDR2 DIMM DDR2-800 400 2 800 8 6,400  240 DIMM (DDR3-SDRAM) Module Standard Module Format Chip Type Clock Speed (MHz) Cycles Per clock Bus Speed Bus Width (Bytes) Transfer Rate (MB/s) PC3-6400 DDR3 DIMM DDR3-800 400 2 800 8 6,400 PC3-8500 DDR3 DIMM DDR3-1066 533 2 1,066 8 8,500 PC3-10600 DDR3 DIMM DDR3-1333 667 2 1,334 8 10,670 PC3-12800 DDR3 DIMM DDR3-1600 800 2 1,600 8 12,800 RDRAM Chart  232 RIMM (RDRAM) Module Standard Module Format Chip Type Clock Speed (MHz) Cycles Per clock Bus Speed Bus Width (Bytes) Transfer Rate (MB/s) RIMM 1200 RIMM-16 PC600 300 2 600 2 1,200 RIMM 1400 RIMM-16 PC700 350 2 700 2 1,400 RIMM 1600 RIMM-16 PC800 400 2 800 2 1,600 RIMM 2100 RIMM-16 PC1066 533 2 1,066 2 2,133 RIMM 2400 RIMM-16 PC1200 600 2 1,200 2 2,400 RIMM 3200 RIMM-32 PC800 400 2 800 2 3,200 RIMM 4200 RIMM-32 PC1066 533 2 1,066 2 4,266 RIMM 4800 RIMM-32 PC1200 600 2 1,200 2 4,800 RAM Desktop Installation Note RAM Memory Sticks come in the following sizes 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB and 8GB SIMM – Single Inline Memory Module Installation (30 or 72 pin) 1. Place SIMM in a 45 degree angle, push it upright to lock with the corresponding notch on the sides 2. Must be installed in same pairs 3. Must populate first two slots of the SIMM sockets in order for it to work DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module Installation (168, 184 or 240 pin) 1. The first thing you do is open the plastic retaining clips on each side of slots you are going to use. 2. Align the cut-out on the module pin connector with the engaging pin on the slot 3. Holding the module upright press down both ends. 4. When the module is correctly seated, retaining clips should lock automatically. 5. DIMM’s can be installed as a single pair (unless it states Dual Channel then you must install it in pairs) RIMM – Rambus Inline Memory Module Installation (184 or 232 pin) 1. The first thing you do is open the plastic retaining clips on each side of slots you are going to use. 2. Align the cut-out on the module pin connector with the engaging pin on the slot 3. Holding the module upright press down both ends. 4. When the module is correctly seated, retaining clips should lock automatically. 5. Must populate all RIMM slots available 3. If not unpopulated slots must use CRIMM’s (Continuity Rambus Inline Memory Module) Memory Troubleshooting MEMORY (when installing use a ground strap because of ESD) ESD (low and high humidity) Mixed Memory usually equals fried memory Parity Errors or ECC Errors (Memory correction errors) SIMMS must be installed in pairs RIMMS must be all installed in all slots or CRIMM's must be needed in unvacated RIMM slots General Protection Fault (memory overwrite) Not enough memory (computer is slow) NMI -Non Maskable Interrupt will cause BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) Multiple beeps when booting up check that memory is properly installed and working No Video (Reseat memory) Memory speeds set in BIOS/CMOS Setup Virtual Memory (Page fault) Chip Creep - Thermal expansion and contraction Special Thanks to Rambus, Cosair, PNY, Viking, American Megatrends, Centon, Samsung, Crucial and Micron